editor/modes.html

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  11
  12         <h1>Modes of the Tengwar</h1>
  13
  14         <ul>
  15             <li><a href="#general-use">General Use Mode</a></li>
  16             <ul>
  17                 <li><a href="#black-speech">Black Speech</a></li>
  18                 <li><a href="#kings-letter-general-use">The Third Version of the King’s Letter</a></li>
  19             </ul>
  20             <li><a href="#classical">Classical Mode</a></li>
  21             <ul>
  22                 <li><a href="#namarie">Namárië</a></li>
  23             </ul>
  24             <li><a href="#beleriand">Mode of Beleriand</a></li>
  25             <ul>
  26                 <li><a href="#kings-letter-beleriand">The First Version of the King’s Letter</a></li>
  27             </ul>
  28         </ul>
  29
  30
  31         <hr>
  32
  33
  34         <a name="kings-letter-general-use"></a>
  35         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm">General Use Mode</a></h2>
  36         <h3>As in the third version of <em><a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/King's_Letter">The King’s Letter</a></em></h3>
  37
  38         <div>
  39             <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
  40                 data-tengwar="Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui, anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen."
  41                 data-mode="general-use"
  42                 data-font="parmaite">
  43                 Rendering&hellip; (Requires JavaScript and Web Fonts)
  44             </span>
  45             <button id="kings-letter-general-use-button">Select</button>
  46         </div>
  47
  48         <blockquote>Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr
  49         i&nbsp;Mbair Annui, anglennatha i&nbsp;Varanduiniant erin dolothen
  50         Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen.</blockquote>
  51
  52         <blockquote>Aragorn Strider The Elfstone, King of Gondor and Lord of the
  53         Westlands, will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of
  54         Spring, or in the Shire-reckoning the second day of April.</blockquote>
  55
  56         <p>General Use Mode uses diacritics to represent vowels, usually above
  57         the tengwa the vowel precedes.  General Use mode is suitable for
  58         representing most languages.  The King’s Letter is the longest example
  59         of
  60         <a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Sindarin">Sindarin</a>
  61         Tengwar.</p>
  62
  63
  64         <hr>
  65
  66
  67         <a name="black-speech"></a>
  68         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm">General Use Mode</a></h2>
  69         <h3>As in <em><a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Ring_Verse">The One Ring Inscription</a></em></h3>
  70
  71         <div>
  72             <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
  73                 data-tengwar=">ashnazgdurbatulûk, ashnazggimbatul<
  74                 ashnazgthrakatulûk, aghburzumishikrimpatul"
  75                 data-mode="general-use black-speech"
  76                 data-font="annatar">
  77                 Rendering&hellip; (Requires JavaScript and Web Fonts)
  78             </span>
  79             <button id="black-speech-button">Select</button>
  80         </div>
  81
  82         <blockquote>
  83             Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,<br>
  84             Ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
  85         </blockquote>
  86
  87         <blockquote>
  88             One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,<br>
  89             One Ring to bring them all, and in the darkness bind them
  90         </blockquote>
  91
  92         <p>General Use Mode uses diacritics to represent vowels, usually above
  93         the tengwa the vowel <em>precedes</em>.  The inscription on the One
  94         Ring is a variant of General Use mode that reverses the direction of
  95         curls for O and U, and uses extended tengwa for the SH and GH sounds.
  96         The italic of the
  97         <a class="dagger" href="http://home.student.uu.se/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html">Tengwar Annatar</a>
  98         font by Johan Winge captures the flowing hand presumed of Sauron.</p>
  99
 100
 101         <hr>
 102
 103
 104         <a name="namarie"></a>
 105         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm">Classical Mode</a></h2>
 106         <h3>As in <em><a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB">The Namárië Poem</a></em></h3>
 107
 108         <div>
 109             <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
 110                 data-tengwar="Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen,
 111                 Yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron!"
 112                 data-mode="classical"
 113                 data-font="parmaite">
 114             </span>
 115             <button id="namarie-button">Select</button>
 116         </div>
 117
 118         <blockquote>
 119             Ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen,<br>
 120             Yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron!
 121         </blockquote>
 122
 123         <blockquote>
 124             Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind,<br>
 125             long years numberless as the wings of trees!
 126         </blockquote>
 127
 128         <p>Classical Mode uses diacritics for vowels, usually above the tengwa
 129         they <em>follow</em>.  The mode is optimal for expressing
 130         <a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Quenya">Quenya</a>,
 131         the elder language of the Elves, but does not provide the full palette
 132         of sounds necessary for many other languages including English and
 133         Sindarin.</p>
 134
 135
 136         <hr>
 137
 138
 139         <a name="kings-letter-beleriand"></a>
 140         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_beleriand.htm">Mode of Beleriand</a></h2>
 141         <h3>As in the first version of <em><a class="dagger" href="http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/King's_Letter">The King’s Letter</a></em></h3>
 142
 143         <div>
 144             <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
 145                 data-tengwar="Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui, anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen."
 146                 data-mode="beleriand"
 147                 data-font="parmaite">
 148                 Rendering&hellip; (Requires JavaScript and Web Fonts)
 149             </span>
 150             <button id="kings-letter-beleriand-button">Select</button>
 151         </div>
 152
 153         <blockquote>Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr
 154         i&nbsp;Mbair Annui, anglennatha i&nbsp;Varanduiniant erin dolothen
 155         Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen.</blockquote>
 156
 157         <blockquote>Aragorn Strider The Elfstone, King of Gondor and Lord of the
 158         Westlands, will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of
 159         Spring, or in the Shire-reckoning the second day of April.</blockquote>
 160
 161         <p>The Mode of Beleriand uses a tengwa for nearly every vowel
 162         <em>and</em> consonant.  Diacritics (marks) are applied to lengthen
 163         vowels, merge vowels into diphthongs (glides), or precede a consonant
 164         with the corresponding nasal, like NT and MB.</p>
 165
 166
 167         <hr>
 168
 169
 170         <a name="general-use"></a>
 171         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm">General Use Mode</a></h2>
 172
 173         <table id="general-use-table">
 174
 175             <tr><th colspan="3">Font</th></tr>
 176             <tr>
 177                 <td>
 178                     <input type="radio"
 179                         id="general-use-font-parmaite"
 180                         name="general-use-font"
 181                         checked>
 182                 </td>
 183                 <td>
 184                     <label for="general-use-font-parmaite">
 185                         <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
 186                             data-tengwar="parmaitë"
 187                             data-mode="general-use"
 188                             data-font="parmaite">
 189                         </span>
 190                     </label>
 191                 </td>
 192                 <td>
 193                     <a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm">Tengwar Parmaitë</a>,
 194                     for parchment
 195                 </td>
 196             </tr>
 197             <tr>
 198                 <td>
 199                     <input type="radio"
 200                         id="general-use-font-annatar"
 201                         name="general-use-font">
 202                 </td>
 203                 <td>
 204                     <label for="general-use-font-annatar">
 205                         <span
 206                             class="dynamic-tengwar"
 207                             data-tengwar="annatar"
 208                             data-mode="general-use"
 209                             data-font="annatar">
 210                         </span>
 211                     </label>
 212                 </td>
 213                 <td>
 214                     <a class="dagger" href="http://home.student.uu.se/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html">Tengwar Annatar Italic</a>,
 215                     as the inscription on The One Ring
 216                 </td>
 217             </tr>
 218
 219             <tr><th colspan="3">Long M and N, Nasal Consonants</th></tr>
 220             <tr>
 221                 <td>
 222                     <input type="radio"
 223                         id="general-use-nasal-above"
 224                         name="general-use-nasal"
 225                         checked>
 226                 </td>
 227                 <td>
 228                     <label for="general-use-nasal-above">
 229                         <span class="general-use-font"
 230                             data-tengwar="nn mm"
 231                             data-mode="general-use">
 232                         </span>
 233                     </label>
 234                 </td>
 235                 <td>
 236                     Double nasals with tilde above, meaning precede with corresponding nasal
 237                 </td>
 238             </tr>
 239             <tr>
 240                 <td>
 241                     <input type="radio"
 242                         id="general-use-nasal-below"
 243                         name="general-use-nasal">
 244                 <td>
 245                     <label for="general-use-nasal-below">
 246                         <span class="general-use-font"
 247                             data-tengwar="nn mm"
 248                             data-mode="general-use double-nasals-with-tilde-below">
 249                         </span>
 250                     </label>
 251                 </td>
 252                 <td>Double nasals with tilde below, meaning lengthen the consonant</td>
 253             </tr>
 254
 255             <tr><th colspan="3">Curl direction of O and U</th></tr>
 256             <tr>
 257                 <td>
 258                     <input type="radio"
 259                         id="general-use-normal-curls"
 260                         name="general-use-curls"
 261                         checked>
 262                 </td>
 263                 <td>
 264                     <label for="general-use-normal-curls">
 265                         <span class="general-use-font"
 266                             data-tengwar="o u"
 267                             data-mode="general-use">
 268                         </span>
 269                     </label>
 270                 </td>
 271                 <td>O-curl forward, U-curl backward (common)</td>
 272             </tr>
 273             <tr>
 274                 <td>
 275                     <input type="radio"
 276                         id="general-use-reverse-curls"
 277                         name="general-use-curls">
 278                 </td>
 279                 <td>
 280                     <label for="general-use-reverse-curls">
 281                         <span class="general-use-font"
 282                             data-tengwar="o u"
 283                             data-mode="general-use reverse-curls">
 284                         </span>
 285                     </label>
 286                 <td>O-curl backward, U-curl forward</td>
 287             </tr>
 288
 289             <tr><th colspan="3">Dots and Slashes of E and I</th></tr>
 290             <tr>
 291                 <td>
 292                     <input type="radio"
 293                         id="general-use-dot-slash"
 294                         name="general-use-dots-and-slashes"
 295                         checked>
 296                 </td>
 297                 <td>
 298                     <label for="general-use-dot-slash">
 299                         <span class="general-use-font"
 300                             data-tengwar="e i"
 301                             data-mode="general-use">
 302                         </span>
 303                     </label>
 304                 </td>
 305                 <td>I is dot, E is slash (common)</td>
 306             </tr>
 307             <tr>
 308                 <td>
 309                     <input type="radio"
 310                         id="general-use-slash-dot"
 311                         name="general-use-dots-and-slashes">
 312                 </td>
 313                 <td>
 314                     <label for="general-use-slash-dot">
 315                         <span class="general-use-font"
 316                             data-tengwar="e i"
 317                             data-mode="general-use swap-dot-slash">
 318                         </span>
 319                     </label>
 320                 <td>I is slash, E is dot</td>
 321             </tr>
 322
 323             <tr><th colspan="3">Regarding Medial (mid-word, non-final) R</th></tr>
 324             <tr>
 325                 <td>
 326                     <input type="radio"
 327                         id="general-use-no-medial-ore"
 328                         name="general-use-medial-ore"
 329                         checked>
 330                 </td>
 331                 <td>
 332                     <label for="general-use-no-medial-ore">
 333                         <span class="general-use-font"
 334                             data-tengwar="mordor"
 335                             data-mode="general-use">
 336                         </span>
 337                     </label>
 338                 </td>
 339                 <td>R is the tengwa <em>Ore</em> only when it is at the end of a word (final).
 340                 Otherwise it is the tengwa <em>Romen</em>.
 341             </tr>
 342             <tr>
 343                 <td>
 344                     <input type="radio"
 345                     id="general-use-medial-ore"
 346                     name="general-use-medial-ore">
 347                 </td>
 348                 <td>
 349                     <label for="general-use-medial-ore">
 350                         <span class="general-use-font"
 351                             data-tengwar="mordor"
 352                             data-mode="general-use medial-ore">
 353                         </span>
 354                     </label>
 355                 </td>
 356                 <td>R is the tengwa <em>Ore</em> when it is in final position and when it appears before a consonant.
 357                 Otherwise it is the tengwa <em>Romen</em>.
 358             </tr>
 359
 360             <tr><th colspan="3">Regarding CH</th></tr>
 361             <tr>
 362                 <td>
 363                     <input type="radio"
 364                         id="general-use-ach-laut"
 365                         name="general-use-ach-laut"
 366                         checked>
 367                 </td>
 368                 <td>
 369                     <label for="general-use-ach-laut">
 370                         <span class="general-use-font"
 371                             data-tengwar="chwesta"
 372                             data-mode="general-use">
 373                         </span>
 374                     </label>
 375                 </td>
 376                 <td>CH is ach-laut, as in <em>Bach</em>, CC as in <em>Capuccino</em>, <em>Chew</em>,
 377                 well-suited for Sindarin Elvish.
 378             </tr>
 379             <tr>
 380                 <td>
 381                     <input type="radio"
 382                         id="general-use-no-ach-laut"
 383                         name="general-use-ach-laut">
 384                 </td>
 385                 <td>
 386                     <label for="general-use-no-ach-laut">
 387                         <span class="general-use-font"
 388                             data-tengwar="chew bach'"
 389                             data-mode="general-use no-ach-laut">
 390                         </span>
 391                     </label>
 392                 <td>CH as in <em>Chew</em>, CH' is ach-laut as in <em>Bach</em>,
 393                 better-suited for trasncribing English.
 394             </tr>
 395
 396             <tr><th colspan="3">Regarding S and Vowels</th></tr>
 397             <tr>
 398                 <td>
 399                     <input type="radio"
 400                         id="general-use-no-s-hook"
 401                         name="general-use-s-hook"
 402                         checked>
 403                 </td>
 404                 <td>
 405                     <label for="general-use-no-s-hook">
 406                         <span class="general-use-font"
 407                             data-tengwar="is"
 408                             data-mode="general-use">
 409                         </span>
 410                     </label>
 411                 </td>
 412                 <td>Use the Tengwa <em>Silme-nuquerna</em> for S after a vowel in all cases.
 413             </tr>
 414             <tr>
 415                 <td>
 416                     <input type="radio"
 417                         id="general-use-s-hook"
 418                         name="general-use-s-hook">
 419                 </td>
 420                 <td>
 421                     <label for="general-use-s-hook">
 422                         <span class="general-use-font"
 423                             data-tengwar="is"
 424                             data-mode="general-use s-hook">
 425                         </span>
 426                     </label>
 427                 </td>
 428                 <td>Use S-hook on short-carrier instead of the tengwa
 429                 <em>Silme</em> at every opportunity.
 430             </tr>
 431
 432             <tr><th colspan="3">Regarding TS and DZ</th></tr>
 433             <tr>
 434                 <td>
 435                     <input type="radio"
 436                         id="general-use-no-tsdz"
 437                         name="general-use-tsdz"
 438                         checked>
 439                 </td>
 440                 <td>
 441                     <label for="general-use-no-tsdz">
 442                         <span class="general-use-font"
 443                             data-tengwar="ts dz"
 444                             data-mode="general-use">
 445                         </span>
 446                     </label>
 447                 </td>
 448                 <td>TS and DZ are rendered as separate sounds.</td>
 449             </tr>
 450             <tr>
 451                 <td>
 452                     <input type="radio"
 453                         id="general-use-tsdz"
 454                         name="general-use-tsdz">
 455                 </td>
 456                 <td>
 457                     <label for="general-use-tsdz">
 458                         <span class="general-use-font"
 459                             data-tengwar="ts dz"
 460                             data-mode="general-use tsdz">
 461                         </span>
 462                     </label>
 463                 </td>
 464                 <td>
 465                     TS is <strong>[c]</strong>
 466                     (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet">
 467                     <abbr title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</abbr></a>),
 468                     the voiceless palatal fricative (as in English
 469                     <em>cats</em>), and DZ is the voiced palatal fricative,
 470                     <strong>[dʒ]</strong>.
 471                 </td>
 472             </tr>
 473
 474             <tr><th colspan="3">Numbers</th></tr>
 475             <tr>
 476                 <td>
 477                     <input type="radio"
 478                         id="general-use-decimal"
 479                         name="general-use-numbers"
 480                         checked>
 481                 </td>
 482                 <td>
 483                     <label for="general-use-decimal">
 484                         <span class="general-use-font"
 485                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
 486                             data-mode="general-use">
 487                         </span>
 488                     </label>
 489                 </td>
 490                 <td>
 491                     Base 10 (decimal) by default, but alternately base 12 (duodecimal)<br>
 492                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
 493                 </td>
 494             </tr>
 495             <tr>
 496                 <td>
 497                     <input type="radio"
 498                         id="general-use-duodecimal"
 499                         name="general-use-numbers">
 500                 </td>
 501                 <td>
 502                     <label for="general-use-duodecimal">
 503                         <span class="general-use-font"
 504                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
 505                             data-mode="general-use duodecimal">
 506                         </span>
 507                     </label>
 508                 </td>
 509                 <td>
 510                     Base 12 (duodecimal) by default, but alternately base 10 (decimal)<br>
 511                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
 512                 </td>
 513             </tr>
 514
 515             <tr><th colspan="3">Final TS Alternatives</th></tr>
 516             <tr>
 517                 <td>
 518                     <td><span class="general-use-font" data-tengwar="
 519                         rats cats'
 520                         bats'', rats''',
 521                         cats'''' bats'''''
 522                     " data-mode="general-use"></span>
 523                 <td>
 524                     <code>rats</code><br>
 525                     <code>cats'</code><br>
 526                     <code>bats''</code><br>
 527                     <code>rats'''</code><br>
 528                     <code>cats''''</code><br>
 529                     <code>bats'''''</code>
 530                 </td>
 531             </tr>
 532
 533             <tr><th colspan="3">Final LS Alternatives</th></tr>
 534             <tr>
 535                 <td>
 536                     <td><span class="general-use-font" data-tengwar="
 537                         owls
 538                         owls'
 539                         owls''
 540                     " data-mode="general-use"></span>
 541                 <td>
 542                     <code>owls</code><br>
 543                     <code>owls'</code><br>
 544                     <code>owls''</code>
 545                 </td>
 546             </tr>
 547
 548             <tr><th colspan="3">Medial S Alternatives</th></tr>
 549             <tr>
 550                 <td>
 551                     <td><span class="general-use-font" data-tengwar="s s'
 552                         z z'
 553                         x x'" data-mode="general-use"></span>
 554                     <td>
 555                         <code>s</code>, <code>s'</code><br>
 556                         <code>z</code>, <code>z'</code><br>
 557                         <code>x</code>, <code>x'</code>
 558                     </td>
 559             </tr>
 560
 561             <tr><th colspan="3">Orthographic E</th></tr>
 562             <tr>
 563                 <td>
 564                 <td><span class="general-use-font" data-tengwar="love'" data-mode="general-use"></span>
 565                 <td><code>love'</code>, silent E for orthographic English
 566                 (transliterated by letter instead of sound).
 567             </tr>
 568
 569         </table>
 570
 571
 572         <p><button id="general-use-button">Select</button></p>
 573
 574         <hr>
 575
 576
 577         <a name="classical"></a>
 578         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm">Classical Mode</a></h2>
 579
 580         <table>
 581
 582             <tr><th colspan="3">Font</th></tr>
 583             <tr>
 584                 <td>
 585                     <input type="radio"
 586                         id="classical-font-parmaite"
 587                         name="classical-font"
 588                         checked>
 589                 </td>
 590                 <td>
 591                     <label for="classical-font-parmaite">
 592                         <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
 593                             data-tengwar="parmaitë"
 594                             data-mode="classical"
 595                             data-font="parmaite">
 596                         </span>
 597                     </label>
 598                 </td>
 599                 <td>
 600                     <a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm">Tengwar Parmaitë</a>,
 601                     for parchment
 602                 </td>
 603             </tr>
 604             <tr>
 605                 <td>
 606                     <input type="radio"
 607                         id="classical-font-annatar"
 608                         name="classical-font">
 609                 </td>
 610                 <td>
 611                     <label for="classical-font-annatar">
 612                         <span
 613                             class="dynamic-tengwar"
 614                             data-tengwar="annatar"
 615                             data-mode="classical"
 616                             data-font="annatar">
 617                         </span>
 618                     </label>
 619                 </td>
 620                 <td>
 621                     <a class="dagger" href="http://home.student.uu.se/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html">Tengwar Annatar Italic</a>,
 622                     as the inscription on The One Ring
 623                 </td>
 624             </tr>
 625
 626             <tr><th colspan="3">Curl direction of O and U</th></tr>
 627             <tr>
 628                 <td>
 629                     <input type="radio"
 630                         id="classical-normal-curls"
 631                         name="classical-curls"
 632                         checked>
 633                 </td>
 634                 <td>
 635                     <label for="classical-normal-curls">
 636                         <span class="classical-font"
 637                             data-tengwar="o u"
 638                             data-mode="classical">
 639                         </span>
 640                     </label>
 641                 </td>
 642                 <td>O-curl forward, U-curl backward (common)</td>
 643             </tr>
 644             <tr>
 645                 <td>
 646                     <input type="radio"
 647                         id="classical-reverse-curls"
 648                         name="classical-curls">
 649                 </td>
 650                 <td>
 651                     <label for="classical-reverse-curls">
 652                         <span class="classical-font"
 653                             data-tengwar="o u"
 654                             data-mode="classical reverse-curls">
 655                         </span>
 656                     </label>
 657                 <td>O-curl backward, U-curl forward</td>
 658             </tr>
 659
 660             <tr><th colspan="3">Dots and Slashes of E and I</th></tr>
 661             <tr>
 662                 <td>
 663                     <input type="radio"
 664                         id="classical-dot-slash"
 665                         name="classical-dots-and-slashes"
 666                         checked>
 667                 </td>
 668                 <td>
 669                     <label for="classical-dot-slash">
 670                         <span class="classical-font"
 671                             data-tengwar="e i"
 672                             data-mode="classical">
 673                         </span>
 674                     </label>
 675                 </td>
 676                 <td>I is dot, E is slash (common)</td>
 677             </tr>
 678             <tr>
 679                 <td>
 680                     <input type="radio"
 681                         id="classical-slash-dot"
 682                         name="classical-dots-and-slashes">
 683                 </td>
 684                 <td>
 685                     <label for="classical-slash-dot">
 686                         <span class="classical-font"
 687                             data-tengwar="e i"
 688                             data-mode="classical swap-dot-slash">
 689                         </span>
 690                     </label>
 691                 <td>I is slash, E is dot</td>
 692             </tr>
 693
 694             <tr><th colspan="3">Harma</th></tr>
 695             <tr>
 696                 <td>
 697                     <input type="radio"
 698                         id="classical-period-halla"
 699                         name="classical-period">
 700                 </td>
 701                 <td>
 702                     <label for="classical-period-halla">
 703                         <span class="classical-font"
 704                             data-tengwar="halla hyarmen"
 705                             data-mode="classical classical-h">
 706                         </span>
 707                     </label>
 708                 </td>
 709                 <td>
 710                     In the earliest form of Quenya, breath-H was represented
 711                     only by the tengwa Halla.  Hyarmen was also breath-H but
 712                     implied a following Y.
 713                 </td>
 714             </tr>
 715             <tr>
 716                 <td>
 717                     <input type="radio"
 718                         id="classical-period-aha"
 719                         name="classical-period">
 720                 </td>
 721                 <td>
 722                     <label for="classical-period-aha">
 723                         <span class="classical-font"
 724                             data-tengwar="
 725                                 harma
 726                                 hyarmen
 727                                 aha
 728                             "
 729                             data-mode="classical classical-h harma">
 730                         </span>
 731                     </label>
 732                 </td>
 733                 <td>
 734                     Later, the Tengwa Harma became Aha and took over for
 735                     initial breath-H.  Halla continued to be used for medial
 736                     (mid-word) breath-H and also as a prefix to modify L and R
 737                     to aspirated (breathy) HL and HR.  Aspirated HW throughout
 738                     all the ages was represented by the tengwa Hwesta.
 739                 </td>
 740             </tr>
 741             <tr>
 742                 <td>
 743                     <input type="radio"
 744                         id="classical-period-hyarmen"
 745                         name="classical-period"
 746                         checked>
 747                 </td>
 748                 <td>
 749                     <label for="classical-period-hyarmen">
 750                         <span class="classical-font"
 751                             data-tengwar="halla hyarmen"
 752                             data-mode="classical">
 753                         </span>
 754                     </label>
 755                 </td>
 756                 <td>
 757                     By the Third Age, as reflected in the Namárië poem, Hyarmen
 758                     stood for H in inital position.
 759                 </td>
 760             </tr>
 761
 762             <tr><th colspan="3">Vala or Vilya (Wilya)</th></tr>
 763             <tr>
 764                 <td>
 765                     <input type="radio"
 766                         id="classical-vilya"
 767                         name="classical-wilya-vilya">
 768                 </td>
 769                 <td>
 770                     <label for="classical-vilya">
 771                         <span class="classical-font"
 772                             data-tengwar="vilya"
 773                             data-mode="classical vilya">
 774                         </span>
 775                     </label>
 776                 </td>
 777                 <td>
 778                     Before the introduction of the tengwa Vala, Vilya stood for
 779                     V and there was no way to represent consonantal W. Likely,
 780                     the U tehta was used in any case that called for the W
 781                     sound.
 782                 </td>
 783             </tr>
 784             <tr>
 785                 <td>
 786                     <input type="radio"
 787                         id="classical-wilya"
 788                         name="classical-wilya-vilya"
 789                         checked>
 790                 </td>
 791                 <td>
 792                     <label for="classical-wilya">
 793                         <span class="classical-font"
 794                             data-tengwar="vala wilya"
 795                             data-mode="classical">
 796                         </span>
 797                     </label>
 798                 </td>
 799                 <td>
 800                     After the introduction of the tengwa Vala, Viyla became
 801                     Wilya and stood for W while the new Vala stood for V.  Note
 802                     that the spelling of Wilya, née Vilya, remained the
 803                     same<nobr> &mdash; </nobr>only the pronunciation changed.
 804                 </td>
 805             </tr>
 806
 807             <tr><th colspan="3">Regarding Medial R</th></tr>
 808             <tr>
 809                 <td>
 810                     <input type="radio"
 811                         id="classical-r-classical"
 812                         name="classical-r">
 813                 </td>
 814                 <td>
 815                     <label for="classical-r-classical">
 816                         <span class="classical-font"
 817                             data-tengwar="ore mordor"
 818                             data-mode="classical classical-r">
 819                         </span>
 820                     </label>
 821                 </td>
 822                 <td>
 823                     In the Classical period, the tengwa Ore represented R only
 824                     between vowels, indicating that the R should not be trilled
 825                     in this case.
 826                 </td>
 827             </tr>
 828             <tr>
 829                 <td>
 830                     <input type="radio"
 831                         id="classical-r-modern"
 832                         name="classical-r"
 833                         checked>
 834                 </td>
 835                 <td>
 836                     <label for="classical-r-modern">
 837                         <span class="classical-font"
 838                             data-tengwar="ore mordor"
 839                             data-mode="classical">
 840                         </span>
 841                     </label>
 842                 </td>
 843                 <td>
 844                     In the Third Age, as attested by the Namárië poem, Ore
 845                     represents R only before consontants and at the end of
 846                     words.
 847                 </td>
 848             </tr>
 849
 850             <tr><th colspan="3">Rising IU</th></tr>
 851             <tr>
 852                 <td>
 853                     <input type="radio"
 854                         id="classical-falling-iu"
 855                         name="classical-iu"
 856                         checked>
 857                 </td>
 858                 <td>
 859                     <label for="classical-iu-falling">
 860                         <span class="classical-font"
 861                             data-tengwar="iu"
 862                             data-mode="classical">
 863                         </span>
 864                     </label>
 865                 </td>
 866                 <td>
 867                     Before the Third Age, all dipthongs, including IU, were
 868                     falling diphthongs.  Diphthongs may have been rendered in
 869                     the same way in the Third Age regardless of whether the
 870                     diphthong was rising or falling.
 871                 </td>
 872             </tr>
 873             <tr>
 874                 <td>
 875                     <input type="radio"
 876                         id="classical-iu-rising"
 877                         name="classical-iu">
 878                 </td>
 879                 <td>
 880                     <label for="classical-iu-rising">
 881                         <span class="classical-font"
 882                             data-tengwar="iu"
 883                             data-mode="classical iu-rising">
 884                         </span>
 885                     </label>
 886                 </td>
 887                 <td>
 888                     In the Third Age, IU became a rising diphthong, meaning the
 889                     stress was on the second vowel.  There is no attested
 890                     example of how this would have affected the spelling, but
 891                     Måns Björkman speculates that it might have been
 892                     represented as Anna, with Y and U tehtar instead of Ure
 893                     with an I tehta.
 894                 </td>
 895             </tr>
 896
 897             <tr><th colspan="3">Numbers</th></tr>
 898             <tr>
 899                 <td>
 900                     <input type="radio"
 901                         id="classical-decimal"
 902                         name="classical-numbers"
 903                         checked>
 904                 </td>
 905                 <td>
 906                     <label for="classical-decimal">
 907                         <span class="classical-font"
 908                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
 909                             data-mode="classical">
 910                         </span>
 911                     </label>
 912                 </td>
 913                 <td>
 914                     Base 10 (decimal) by default, but alternately base 12 (duodecimal)<br>
 915                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
 916                 </td>
 917             </tr>
 918             <tr>
 919                 <td>
 920                     <input type="radio"
 921                         id="classical-duodecimal"
 922                         name="classical-numbers">
 923                 </td>
 924                 <td>
 925                     <label for="classical-duodecimal">
 926                         <span class="classical-font"
 927                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
 928                             data-mode="classical duodecimal">
 929                         </span>
 930                     </label>
 931                 </td>
 932                 <td>
 933                     Base 12 (duodecimal) by default, but alternately base 10 (decimal)<br>
 934                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
 935                 </td>
 936             </tr>
 937
 938
 939         </table>
 940
 941         <p><button id="classical-button">Select</button></p>
 942
 943
 944         <hr>
 945
 946         <a name="beleriand"></a>
 947         <h2><a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_beleriand.htm">Mode of Beleriand</a></h2>
 948
 949         <table>
 950
 951             <tr><th colspan="3">Font</th></tr>
 952             <tr>
 953                 <td>
 954                     <input type="radio"
 955                         id="beleriand-font-parmaite"
 956                         name="beleriand-font"
 957                         checked>
 958                 </td>
 959                 <td>
 960                     <label for="beleriand-font-parmaite">
 961                         <span class="dynamic-tengwar"
 962                             data-tengwar="parmaitë"
 963                             data-mode="beleriand"
 964                             data-font="parmaite">
 965                         </span>
 966                     </label>
 967                 </td>
 968                 <td>
 969                     <a class="dagger" href="http://at.mansbjorkman.net/parmaite.htm">Tengwar Parmaitë</a>,
 970                     for parchment
 971                 </td>
 972             </tr>
 973             <tr>
 974                 <td>
 975                     <input type="radio"
 976                         id="beleriand-font-annatar"
 977                         name="beleriand-font">
 978                 </td>
 979                 <td>
 980                     <label for="beleriand-font-annatar">
 981                         <span
 982                             class="dynamic-tengwar"
 983                             data-tengwar="annatar"
 984                             data-mode="beleriand"
 985                             data-font="annatar">
 986                         </span>
 987                     </label>
 988                 </td>
 989                 <td>
 990                     <a class="dagger" href="http://home.student.uu.se/jowi4905/fonts/annatar.html">Tengwar Annatar Italic</a>,
 991                     as the inscription on The One Ring
 992                 </td>
 993             </tr>
 994
 995             <tr><th colspan="3">Numbers</th></tr>
 996             <tr>
 997                 <td>
 998                     <input type="radio"
 999                         id="beleriand-decimal"
1000                         name="beleriand-numbers"
1001                         checked>
1002                 </td>
1003                 <td>
1004                     <label for="beleriand-decimal">
1005                         <span class="beleriand-font"
1006                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
1007                             data-mode="beleriand">
1008                         </span>
1009                     </label>
1010                 </td>
1011                 <td>
1012                     Base 10 (decimal) by default, but alternately base 12 (duodecimal)<br>
1013                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
1014                 </td>
1015             </tr>
1016             <tr>
1017                 <td>
1018                     <input type="radio"
1019                         id="beleriand-duodecimal"
1020                         name="beleriand-numbers">
1021                 </td>
1022                 <td>
1023                     <label for="beleriand-duodecimal">
1024                         <span class="beleriand-font"
1025                             data-tengwar="10 12 12'"
1026                             data-mode="beleriand duodecimal">
1027                         </span>
1028                     </label>
1029                 </td>
1030                 <td>
1031                     Base 12 (duodecimal) by default, but alternately base 10 (decimal)<br>
1032                     <code>10 12 12'</code>
1033                 </td>
1034             </tr>
1035
1036
1037         </table>
1038
1039         <p><button id="beleriand-button">Select</button></p>
1040
1041
1042     </div></body>
1043 </html>